Ikigai:找到自己生之意義

Jessie Yu
18 min readNov 25, 2020

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本篇有大量引用原書籍內的英文,作為我自己的筆記與提醒,如想討論我很願意再翻譯成中文與大家分享。

Why Ikigai

大約兩年前學長分享了這個圖給我(不知道出處,如哪天有看到必定會補上)。

IKIGAI 的黃金交集

筆記下兩年前(2018年)收到圖後的日記:

可能是很少感到被需要吧。也可能是自己以為的需要都太壯烈了。那篇文章末尾也說「不要急、多嘗試、要熱愛生活中的大小事物」,我以為我的好奇心足以支撐這些熱愛,然而事實可能是否定的,或許我需要的是勇氣,是JL今年二月時,語重心長說的勇氣。

因為自己的怯步阻擋了很多事情,很多想像。當然有時也必須承認自己沒有想像中的好(有用),然而很多時候,我是不勇敢的,尤其在那些重大的決定上-反覆詢問他人,似乎是想逃避掉做決定的責任,其實至目前為止也沒什麼好後悔的,所以何必不勇敢呢?

那時其實不知道有相關書籍可以看,只覺得活著真的好難,達到這個中間目標更是遙遠。後來去年底跟翔散步的時候提到了「不知道要做什麼」,意外聊到了 Ikigai ,讓我再次想起這個圖,然後幾週前看到 Instaread App 又分享了這本書,真是個「該看這本書了」的大信號,馬上開始找書。

這次看的是 外國人版本Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life),從外部觀察日本人達到 Ikigai(或者說 Longevity)的原因。總共約兩百多頁,很容易閱讀,早上搭搭地鐵邊看意外很快就翻完了。有機會還是想看看另一個 日本人版本 (IKIGAI‧生之意義:每天早上醒來的理由,那些微不足道的事物,就是IKIGAI),應該會更棒。

閱讀當中一直有兩個困惑:一、其實後來跟這個圖沒有什麼強烈關係的感覺;二、為什麼要一直強調長壽這件事、以及這件事的重要性到底是什麼(不過剛剛複製貼上書名的時候發現了確實有寫 Long 這個關鍵字哈哈哈哈哈,my bad)。從三四年前開始,每年的目標訂得基本上都只有最基本的一條:開心快樂就好 — — 如果用 OKR 或 SMART 原則來看,真是一個不具體又難衡量的目標,不過這就是我不斷的追求:希望達到一個「滿足舒適、隨心所欲」的狀態。近期的閱讀、生活、工作中,重新理解到,這個狀態並不一定是外在能帶來的,也可以是內在的意識與一天一天有目的的行動。有一個說法是,並不是有了強烈動機才開始動作,而是靠著動作來不斷產生動機與意義(好像有點類似不做我怎麼知道喜不喜歡、感不感興趣這樣子)。

補 July 8, 2020:最近跟工作還有和爸爸聊天時,再次體會到時間就是最珍貴的資源,這也許是我們要追求長壽的原因之一吧?自己可能還有更多時間,為這個世界帶來一些什麼。不過我目前還是覺得,順其自然…活到 70 也已經很久了。

帶著以上背景,下面比較像對書籍的整理與筆記,方便未來回顧與複習。

Find my ikigai

Our ikigai is the reason we get up in the morning.

1. Logotherapy

意義療法,也是我很喜歡的 Frankl 創立的治療學派,下面這段描述可以很直接地理解到他是如何治療的,比如問病者:為什麼你不自殺呢?(我認為這裡的翻譯更貼近的是:使你不自殺的原因是什麼?),通常病者都會找到幾個不錯的理由,然後依循逐漸找到為什麼活著的理由。

Frankl explains that one of the first questions he would ask his patients was “Why do you not commit suicide?” Usually the patient found good reasons not to, and was able to carry on. What, then, does logotherapy do? The answer is pretty clear: It helps you find reasons to live.”

2. Morita therapy

關於情緒的部分,其實也有點老生常談,不過這裡有比較完整的說明:試著接受他,不要控制他,然後在我們行為的轉變之下,情緒也會跟著轉變,透過此行為循環我們不斷「創造」新的情緒。

“…accept their emotions without trying to control them, since their feelings will change as a result of their actions. In addition to accepting the patient’s emotions, Morita therapy seeks to “create” new emotions on the basis of actions.”

以上兩個方法是幫助自己探索 Ikigai 生之意義的前置準備。接下來的部分則是,可以使用 Flow(心流)尋找自己的 Ikigai。例如,最常讓你到達 Flow 狀態的事情是什麼?列出十個,慢慢就會找到自己的 ikigai。

這裡不贅述 Flow 是什麼了,有興趣大家可以自己找找~

Achieving “Flow” 抵達心流的狀態

“…described it as the pleasure, delight, creativity, and process when we are completely immersed in life.”

“There is no magic recipe for finding happiness, for living according to your ikigai, but one key ingredient is the ability to reach this state of flow and, through this state, to have an “optimal experience.” In order to achieve this optimal experience, we have to focus on increasing the time we spend on activities that bring us to this state of flow, rather than allowing ourselves to get caught up in activities that offer immediate pleasure.”

策略一:選擇一個有點難、但不是太難的事 Strategy 1: Choose a difficult task (but not too difficult!)

裡面提到了 easy < challenging < beyond our abilities,太簡單的事只會讓人無聊,例如我在社區團隊的後期陷入的瓶頸,具有一定挑戰性的事情可以更加容易進入 Flow 狀態,超過能力的事則會讓人陷入焦慮。反思了剛畢業前兩年的工作,不服輸的想要一個人運作全部的事情,加上完美主義作祟,其實是肩負了一個過於超乎自己能力的任務(自己又不願意承認),導致最後真的是焦慮症爆炸。

策略二:擁有清晰與具體的目標 Strategy 2: Have a clear, concrete objective

為什麼打遊戲、運動的時候比較容易進入 Flow 的狀態?因為這些活動通常有比較明確的目標,我們其實也可以在大小事情上提前規劃好要達到的目標。此外,什麼樣的目標是更好的?Vague Objective < Clearly Defined Objective and a Focus on Process < Obsessive Desire to Achieve a Goal While Ignoring Process,不書裡給了一個我覺得把 Objective 跟 Process 的關係梳理的比較合理清晰的解釋。目標太 Vague 會浪費生命造成混亂,太想要達到目標的時候,則會讓你一直沈浸在目標中而沒有 “get down to the business”,因此比較好的狀況是,訂好了一個目標後,制定步驟、一步一步執行,避免目標太遠大導致做不下去,或乾脆放水流,或覺得反正還久慢慢來最後一事無成,這些常見的情況。

策略三:僅專注於一件事 Strategy 3: Concentrate on a single task

“To be in a distraction-free environment. To have control over what we are doing at every moment”

很有趣的事,書裡不相信有 Multitasking(一心多用)這件事,看完這段以後我認真回顧了一下自己以為的 Multitasking,後來還是蠻 buy in 這個說法的。這裏是說,Multitasking 讓人不可能進入 Flow 的狀態,且事實上更沒效率,因為你只是不停的在好幾件事情裡面切換,很打亂節奏,以及會 1) 更容易犯錯 2) 更容易遺忘,變成「事件」在控制我們,而非我們擁有主動權,創造力也會降低。具體會導致例如頻繁看手機通知、不斷刷臉書這樣對刺激的成癮。相反地,我們應該給「真正的周遭」更多注意力,並且真正掌握著自己的每一片刻。

接下來,書中提到了一些方法幫助我們 reach the state of flow,我覺得很有趣,記在下面,有幾條我也開始真正執行了(雖然執行地還很失敗):

Don’t look at any kind of screen for the first hour you’re awake and the last hour before you go to sleep.

Turn off your phone before you achieve flow. There is nothing more important than the task you have chosen to do during this time. If this seems too extreme, enable the “do not disturb” function so only the people closest to you can contact you in case of emergency.

Designate one day of the week, perhaps a Saturday or Sunday, a day of technological “fasting,” making exceptions only for e-readers (without Wi-Fi) or MP3 players.

Go to a café that doesn’t have Wi-Fi.

Read and respond to e-mail only once or twice per day. Define those times clearly and stick to them.

Try the Pomodoro Technique: Get yourself a kitchen timer (some are made to look like a pomodoro, or tomato) and commit to working on a single task as long as it’s running. The Pomodoro Technique recommends 25 minutes of work and 5 minutes of rest for each cycle, but you can also do 50 minutes of work and 10 minutes of rest. Find the pace that’s best for you; the most important thing is to be disciplined in completing each cycle.

Start your work session with a ritual you enjoy and end it with a reward.

Train your mind to return to the present when you find yourself getting distracted. Practice mindfulness or another form of meditation, go for a walk or a swim — whatever will help you get centered again.

Work in a space where you will not be distracted. If you can’t do this at home, go to a library, a café, or, if your task involves playing the saxophone, a music studio. If you find that your surroundings continue to distract you, keep looking until you find the right place.

Divide each activity into groups of related tasks, and assign each group its own place and time. For example, if you’re writing a magazine article, you could do research and take notes at home in the morning, write in the library in the afternoon, and edit on the couch at night.

Bundle routine tasks — such as sending out invoices, making phone calls, and so on — and do them all at once.

微心流:那些無趣繁複的事 Microflow: Enjoying mundane tasks

看到這點的時候會心一笑。工作時,我非常喜歡大多數人都討厭到爆的一項工作:報銷。未深入了解「微心流」這個概念前,覺得可能是平常工作太困苦了,做些不用動腦的事情可以趁機放鬆。幸好書中提供了非常有力的觀點:有時候簡單的事情讓我們更容易進入 Flow 「得心應手」的狀態,我們能做得好。這時候疑惑:咦上面不是說簡單的事情會讓我們感到無聊嗎?書中也給了這樣的回答:Our ability to turn routine tasks into moments of microflow, into something we enjoy, is key to our being happy, since we all have to do such tasks. 這些簡單事情帶來的 Microflow 是日常生活中快速感受到 Flow 的方式之一,反而是人類的特殊能力呢(比如有人很喜歡折衣服)。

其他還有諸如設定自己的 Ritual(需要特定流程來達到最好的結果)等方法,先不贅述了。

“Focus on enjoying your daily rituals, using them as tools to enter a state of flow. Don’t worry about the outcome — it will come naturally. Happiness is in the doing, not in the result. As a rule of thumb, remind yourself: “Rituals over goals.” The happiest people are not the ones who achieve the most. They are the ones who spend more time than others in a state of flow.”

維持 Ikigai 以及 Longevity 的方法

整本書不斷告訴我們,飲食、運動、維持良好的社交關係的關鍵。節錄幾個印象深刻的段落。

“For many, helping others might be an ikigai strong enough to keep them alive. According to scientists who have studied the five Blue Zones, the keys to longevity are diet, exercise, finding a purpose in life (an ikigai), and forming strong social ties — that is, having a broad circle of friends and good family relations. Members of these communities manage their time well in order to reduce stress, consume little meat or processed foods, and drink alcohol in moderation. They don’t do strenuous exercise, but they do move every day, taking walks and working in their vegetable gardens. People in the Blue Zones would rather walk than drive. Gardening, which involves daily low-intensity movement, is a practice almost all of them have in common.”

  • 與社群(或者說同伴、群體、其他人)有連結:可能是為這個社區貢獻自己的一份心力,或簡單的幫助他人。跟一群好友時常聯繫。
  • 移動:真正身體的移動。不一定需要多激烈的運動,但是每天盡可能保持多的移動,盡量走路。書中提到幾乎所有日本長壽村的人每天都會進行種花、園藝這樣的 Low intensity movement。
  • 不「退休」,保持活躍:Ikigai 並不是某些到了退休年紀我們就不再做的事情,而是能夠持續到生命結束的事情。事實上,我們的心中可能根本不該存有「退休」這個概念。

“…people who maintained a low level of stress, who faced challenges and put their heart and soul into their work in order to succeed, lived longer than those who chose a more relaxed lifestyle and retired earlier.”

  • 文中也提到了例如 Mindfulness、 Meditation、保持足夠睡眠、時常感謝、與大自然連結、慢慢來、常微笑等常見方法,最重要的也有活在當下、Follow 自己的 Ikigai。印象深刻的還有一連串的飲食關鍵,以及食物只要吃 80% 飽的原則。

“…always seemed to be busy with important tasks but who, upon closer inspection, did everything with a sense of calm. They were always pursuing their ikigai, but they were never in a rush. Not only did they seem to be happily busy, but we also noticed that they followed the other principles for happiness that Washington Burnap stated two hundred years ago: “The grand essentials to happiness in this life are something to do, something to love, and something to hope for.”

反脆弱 Beyond Resilience: Antifragility

文中難得提及了跟錢有關、很實際的方法(是否最終快樂還是得與資本掛鉤),也提到了一些面對的態度(這裡先不寫了),隨意 comment 幾句:

  • Step 1: Create redundancies:增加收入的來源,讓自己不要只有一個薪水,主職業、副職業,分散風險的概念。沒想到平常如此致力於 reduce redundancies 的我,可以對 redundancy 有一層新的理解。
  • Step 2: Bet conservatively in certain areas and take many small risks in others:比較像是,投十家新創各十萬,好過投一家報紙上說有前景的公司一百萬的概念。
  • Step 3: Get rid of the things that make you fragile:這個我在《高敏感是種天賦》的筆記提到過,盡量遠離讓自己焦慮的事情(沒錯,就是一樣的概念)。另外作者也說,每年許願的時候,比起宏大的願景,可以加入一些「終於擺脫了!」的項目,例如「一周只吃一次甜食」,提高完成的可能性。

“We need randomness, mess, adventures, uncertainty, self-discovery, hear traumatic episodes, all these things that make life worth living.” We encourage those interested in the concept of antifragility to read Nassim Nicholas Taleb’s Antifragile.”

後記

竟然整理完筆記了。目前還是不知道 Ikigai 之於我代表著什麼,可能要再多 Flow 一下,不過如何活得更快樂我想最近還是挺有收穫的。有一點想紀錄的是,最近看的好幾本書中都提到了斯多葛哲學,我想起了大四最後修習這門課的時光,當時為了考試全部囫圇吞棗,但也能理解斯多葛精神,現在回去翻閱突然感到無法內化與沈浸了。可能是更社會化、更現實了一些吧,難以想像自己這些年的轉變,也難以想像自己要成為一個「大人」面對這全部的事情。不是哲學專業,這裡我就不多說內容了,不過是覺得,這些渺小的點竟然在無意間都連在一起了 — — 或許是一些指引,關於自己以及未來。

寫於 May 4, 2020 @上海

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